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Evacuated tubes are generally more efficient – so require less panel area, but they're also more expensive. Collectors may be flat panel or evacuated tubes.If panels can't be installed in an ideal location (usually a north-facing part of the roof with no shading), their efficiency may drop and you'll need a larger collector area.

Hot water is pumped from the panels to the tank.

Pumped or split systems have collector panels on the roof but the tank is located at ground level (or elsewhere in the building).

The liquid in the panels circulates into the tank via the thermosiphon effect (as water heats up, it becomes lighter and rises into the tank).

Thermosiphon systems have both the collector panels and the storage tank mounted on the roof.

You need a large tank to allow for days with less sunlight (or more hot showers than usual). A four-person household typically needs about four square metres of solar collector area (two panels) and a 300–360L tank. Solar hot water systems consist of solar collector panels and a storage tank.